Open Access

Table 2

Comparison of item scores among artificial intelligence chatbot and web search (categorical variable).

Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Web Search


Normal level 6th Grade Level



ChatGPT-3.5 Copilot Gemini ChatGPT-3.5 Copilot Gemini Google







n % AR n % AR n % AR n % AR n % AR n % AR n % AR
PEMAT (> 70)
 Understandability 12 40.0 −0.9 17 53.1 0.6 17 58.6 1.2 19 65.5 1.9 22 71.0 2.7 26 92.9 4.9 58 32.8 −5.7
 Actionability 0 0.0 −0.3 0 0.0 −0.3 0 0.0 −0.3 0 0.0 −0.3 0 0.0 −0.3 0 0.0 −0.3 1 0.6 1.0
jReadability difficulty level 10 8.0 −7.0 32 23.9 −3.1 69 55.2 4.9 42 34.7 −0.3 74 55.6 5.2 73 56.2 5.2 38 21.5 −4.4
 Very readable 0 0.0 −0.4 0 0.0 −0.4 1 0.8 2.6 0 0.0 −0.4 0 0.0 −0.4 0 0.0 −0.4 0 0.0 −0.5
 Readable 0 0.0 −2.3 2 1.5 −1.4 9 7.2 2.3 0 0.0 −2.3 14 10.5 4.6 8 6.2 1.7 1 0.6 −2.4
 Neutral 0 0.0 −3.7 16 11.9 1.4 29 23.2 6.2 1 0.8 −3.3 13 9.8 0.5 20 15.4 2.9 3 1.7 −3.7
 Somewhat difficult 10 8.0 −4.4 14 10.4 −3.8 30 24.0 0.2 41 33.9 2.9 47 35.3 3.5 45 34.6 3.3 34 19.2 −1.5
 Difficult 66 52.8 1.3 73 54.5 1.8 48 38.4 −2.2 73 60.3 3.0 55 41.4 −1.5 54 41.5 −1.4 79 44.6 −0.8
 Very difficult 47 37.6 8.6 25 18.7 2.0 8 6.4 −2.4 6 5.0 −2.9 0 0.0 −4.9 3 2.3 −4.0 36 20.3 3.1
 Not measurable (too difficult) 2 1.6 −1.3 4 3.0 −0.4 0 0.0 −2.3 0 0.0 −2.3 4 3.0 −0.4 0 0.0 −2.4 24 13.6 7.9

∗Very readable to Somewhat difficult total is listed.

χ2 test was performed to calculate adjusted residuals (AR); AR = adjusted residuals; significant difference if adjusted residuals are greater than or less than 1.96 (p < 0.05).

Les statistiques affichées correspondent au cumul d'une part des vues des résumés de l'article et d'autre part des vues et téléchargements de l'article plein-texte (PDF, Full-HTML, ePub... selon les formats disponibles) sur la platefome Vision4Press.

Les statistiques sont disponibles avec un délai de 48 à 96 heures et sont mises à jour quotidiennement en semaine.

Le chargement des statistiques peut être long.