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Table 1
Overview on studies on the determination of radon in waterworks.
| Country/region | No. of waterworks | Results published | 222Rn in air methodology | 222Rn in air | Dose calculation based on | F applied | Occupational annual effective dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland/Upper Silesia | 9 | Annual effective dose | SSNTD for local exposure (CR-39 type; 3–6 months) | Passive local measurements, estimated working time of the staff | 0.4 | 1 of 9 > 1 mSv y−1⁎ | Chmielewska et al., 2014 | |
| Austria/whole country except Upper Austria | 21 | 222Rn in air and water, 220Rn in air, annual effective dose | SSNTD for local exposure (CR-39 type; 3 months and 2 weeks), ionizing chamber | Max. 38000 Bq m−3 | Passive local measurements, individual residence times and the natural geogenic background | 0.4 | 0.03–5.31 mSv y−1, 0.92 mSv y−1 (mean), 0.49 mSv y−1 (median) |
Stietka et al., 2014 |
| Germany/Baden-Württemberg | 117 | 222Rn in air, annual effective dose | SSNTD for local (2 weeks) and personal exposure (3 months), ionizing chamber working level meter | 49% < 1 kBq m−3 <29% < 5 kBq m−3 <14% < 10 kBq m−3 <8%⁎⁎⁎ |
Passive personal measurements, average residence time of 4.68 h d−1 | 0.4 | 17 of 275 > 6 mSv y−1 >25 of 275 > 3 mSv y−1⁎⁎ |
Nagels et al., 2009 |
| Austria/Upper Austria | 45 | 222Rn in air | Electret ion chamber, ionizing chamber, silicon detector | 55% < 1000 Bq m−3, 91% < 5000 Bq m−3⁎⁎⁎ | Passive local measurements, individual exposure times 43% < 100 h y−1, 95% < 1000 h y−1⁎⁎⁎⁎ | 3 of 45 > 6 mSv y−1⁎ | Ringer et al., 2008 | |
| Sweden/Falun, Malmoe, Vaxjoe, Umea, Oerebro | 60 | 222Rn in air, annual effective dose | SSNTD for local exposure (1–3 months) | 49 of 60 > 1 kBq m−3, 21 of 60 > 4 kBq m−3⁎ |
Passive local measurements, time spent of the employees | up to 20 mSv y−1 | Marinko et al., 2004 | |
| Germany/Bavaria | ∼500 | 222Rn in air and water, annual effective dose | SSNTD for local (CR-39 type; 2 weeks) and SSNTD for personal exposure (CR-39 type; 2 months) | 54% > 1 kBq m−3, 30% > 3 kBq m−3 ⁎⁎⁎ |
Passive personal measurements for normal activities and separate personal measurements for cleaning works | 0.4 | 12% > 6 mSv y−1, 5% > 20 mSv y−1⁎⁎ | Trautmannsheimer et al., 2003 |
| Slovenia/whole country | 10 | 222Rn in air and water, 226Ra in water, annual effective dose | Air alpha scintillation cells (instantaneous), SSNTD for local exposure (1 month) | 40–2600 Bq m−3 | Passive local measurements, individual exposure times provided by the management (from 8 to 2602 h y−1) | 0.4 | 0–3.0 mSv y−1 | Vaupotic, 2002 |
| Germany/Hesse | 22 | 222Rn in air, 222Rn in water, annual effective dose | Passive devices for local and personal exposure, active devices for local exposure | 0–20000 Bq m−3 | Active local measurements with worst case residence times for selected waterworks; passive personal measurements separated for normal and cleaning activities | Usual works < 6 mSv y−1, additionally 0.06–0.3 mSv per tank cleaning |
Hingmann et al., 2001 | |
| USA/Iowa | 31 | 222Rn in air | SSNTD for local exposure (1 year), continuous 222Rn air monitor (3–6 days) | 15–4921 Bq m−3, 18 of 31 < 148 Bq m−3 <12 of 31 <740 Bq m−3 < 1 of 31⁎ |
Active local measurements linked to actual time spent for selected waterworks; passive local measurements with average time spent based on questionnaire | 1.0 | 0.005–0.65 WLM y−1 | Fisher et al., 1996 |
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