Open Access
Table 2
Comparison of item scores among artificial intelligence chatbot and web search (categorical variable).
| Artificial Intelligence Chatbot | Web Search | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal level | 6th Grade Level | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ChatGPT-3.5 | Copilot | Gemini | ChatGPT-3.5 | Copilot | Gemini | ||||||||||||||||
| n | % | AR | n | % | AR | n | % | AR | n | % | AR | n | % | AR | n | % | AR | n | % | AR | |
| PEMAT (> 70) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Understandability | 12 | 40.0 | −0.9 | 17 | 53.1 | 0.6 | 17 | 58.6 | 1.2 | 19 | 65.5 | 1.9 | 22 | 71.0 | 2.7 | 26 | 92.9 | 4.9 | 58 | 32.8 | −5.7 |
| Actionability | 0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 1 | 0.6 | 1.0 |
| jReadability difficulty level∗ | 10 | 8.0 | −7.0 | 32 | 23.9 | −3.1 | 69 | 55.2 | 4.9 | 42 | 34.7 | −0.3 | 74 | 55.6 | 5.2 | 73 | 56.2 | 5.2 | 38 | 21.5 | −4.4 |
| Very readable | 0 | 0.0 | −0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.4 | 1 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | −0.5 |
| Readable | 0 | 0.0 | −2.3 | 2 | 1.5 | −1.4 | 9 | 7.2 | 2.3 | 0 | 0.0 | −2.3 | 14 | 10.5 | 4.6 | 8 | 6.2 | 1.7 | 1 | 0.6 | −2.4 |
| Neutral | 0 | 0.0 | −3.7 | 16 | 11.9 | 1.4 | 29 | 23.2 | 6.2 | 1 | 0.8 | −3.3 | 13 | 9.8 | 0.5 | 20 | 15.4 | 2.9 | 3 | 1.7 | −3.7 |
| Somewhat difficult | 10 | 8.0 | −4.4 | 14 | 10.4 | −3.8 | 30 | 24.0 | 0.2 | 41 | 33.9 | 2.9 | 47 | 35.3 | 3.5 | 45 | 34.6 | 3.3 | 34 | 19.2 | −1.5 |
| Difficult | 66 | 52.8 | 1.3 | 73 | 54.5 | 1.8 | 48 | 38.4 | −2.2 | 73 | 60.3 | 3.0 | 55 | 41.4 | −1.5 | 54 | 41.5 | −1.4 | 79 | 44.6 | −0.8 |
| Very difficult | 47 | 37.6 | 8.6 | 25 | 18.7 | 2.0 | 8 | 6.4 | −2.4 | 6 | 5.0 | −2.9 | 0 | 0.0 | −4.9 | 3 | 2.3 | −4.0 | 36 | 20.3 | 3.1 |
| Not measurable (too difficult) | 2 | 1.6 | −1.3 | 4 | 3.0 | −0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | −2.3 | 0 | 0.0 | −2.3 | 4 | 3.0 | −0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | −2.4 | 24 | 13.6 | 7.9 |
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