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Table 2
Comparison of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentrations in stony beach sand samples of Kuantan (Malaysia) with that reported in other countries.
| Region | Sample type | 226Ra (Bq.kg−1) | 232Th (Bq.kg−1) | 40K (Bq.kg−1) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuantan (Malaysia) | Beach stony sand | 11 | 8 | 294 | This study |
| South China Sea, Malaysia | Sediment | 3.0 + 0.3 | 3.0 + 0.3 | 70 + 6 | (Amin et al., 2013) |
| Bangladesh | River sediments and coastal soils | 24 | 57 | 255 | (Chowdhury et al., 1999) |
| Greece | Coastal sand | 93 | 71 | 177 | (Florou and Kritidis, 1992) |
| India | Beach sediments | 8 | 25 | 275 | (Ramasamy et al., 2009) |
| Pakistan | Tidal sediments | 23 | 14 | 238 | (Akram et al., 2006) |
| Thailand | Beach sand | 12 | 19 | 344 | (Malain et al., 2010) |
| China | Beach sand | 12 | 15 | 1079 | (Lu and Zhang, 2008) |
| China | Beach sand | 14.6 ± 4.4 | 10.9 ± 7.8 | 396.4 ± 75.1 | (Huang et al., 2015) |
| Egypt | Sand | 56 | 53 | 120 | (El-bahi et al., 2005) |
| Egypt | Coastal sand | 39 | 21 | 402 | (Eissa et al., 2010) |
| Brazil | Beach sand | 192 | 1673 | 217 | (Veiga et al., 2006) |
| Jordan | Sand | 56 | 29 | 501 | (Ahmad et al., 1997) |
| Turkey | Beach sand | 4.41–14.04 | 2.62–16.55 | 11.60–513.32 | (Korkulu and Özkan, 2013) |
| KSA | Shore sediment | 11.3 | 6.7 | 153.8 | (Al-Ghamdi et al., 2016) |
| Iran | Beach sand | 14.6–29.6 | 14.8–21.7 | 179.5–464.5 | (Tari et al., 2013) |
| Oman | Marine sediments | 11.83–22.68 | 10.7–25.02 | 222.89–535.07 | (Zare et al., 2012) |
| Sudan | Surface sediments, Seagrass and algae | 30 | 6 | 158 | (Sam et al., 1998) |
| Kuwait | Sediments | 36 | 16 | 227 | (Saad and Al-Azmi, 2002) |
| Yugoslavia | Sand | 8 | 7 | 150 | (Vukotić et al., 1998) |
| Batu Ferringhi, Malaysia | Beach sand | 34 ± 2 | 23 ± 1 | 271 ± 13 | (Shuaibu et al., 2017) |
| Langkawi, Malaysia | Beach sand (Black) | 103 | 718 | 1478 | (Khandaker et al., 2018) |
| Langkawi, Malaysia | Beach sand (White) | 9.8 | 5.9 | 102 | (Khandaker et al., 2018) |
| World Average | 33 | 45 | 420 | (UNSCEAR, 2000) |
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