Comparative analysis of gender and prefecture-based attitudes toward future parenthood following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

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Table 1

Comparisons by gender and place of residence (Fukushima vs. other prefectures).

	Male				Female				P-value	Phi or Cramer’s V
	Fukushima¹		Others²		Fukushima³		Others⁴
	(n = 155)		(n = 155)		(n = 155)		(n = 155)
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Marital status
Married	53	34.2%^*	58	37.4%	84	54.2%^*	73	47.1%	0.001	0.16
Unmarried	102	65.8%	97	62.6%	71	45.8%	82	52.9%
Children
Presence	45	29.0%^*	48	31.0%	70	45.2%^*	58	37.4%	0.013	0.13
Absence	110	71.0%	107	69.0%	85	54.8%	97	62.6%
Cohabitant
Living alone	31	20.0%	43	27.7%^*	10	6.5%^*	23	14.8%	0.000	0.21
Living together	124	80.0%	112	72.3%	145	93.5%	132	85.2%
Future child desires
Desired	99	63.9%	96	61.9%	103	66.5%	117	75.5%^*	0.560	0.11
Not desired^a	56	36.1%	59	38.1%	52	33.5%	38	24.5%
Depressive symptoms
Yes	98	63.2%	101	65.2%	84	54.2%	80	51.6%^*	0.037	0.12
No	57	36.8%	54	34.8%	71	45.8%	75	48.4%
Stress in daily life
Strong	61	39.4%	70	45.2%	54	34.8%	62	40.0%	0.036	0.10
Somewhat strong	56	36.1%	57	36.8%	82	52.9%	60	38.7%
Somewhat weak	23	14.8%	20	12.9%	10	6.5%	23	14.8%
Weak	15	9.7%	8	5.2%	9	5.8%	10	6.5%
Availability of radiation consultant
Presence	101	65.2%	86	55.5%^*	113	72.9%	115	74.2%^*	0.001	0.16
Absence	54	34.8%	69	44.5%	42	27.1%	40	25.8%
Knowledge of nuclear power and radiation
With knowledge	16	10.3%^*	6	3.9%	2	1.3%	0	0.0%^*	0.000	0.22
Somewhat knowledgeable	60	38.7%	23	14.8%	31	20.0%	10	6.5%
Not very knowledgeable	50	32.3%	82	52.9%	88	56.8%	95	61.3%
Without knowledge	29	18.7%	44	28.4%	34	21.9%	50	32.3%
Radiation effects on partners
Concerned	19	12.3%	20	12.9%	13	8.4%	18	11.6%	0.496	0.07
Slightly concerned	59	38.1%	56	36.1%	51	32.9%	55	35.5%
Do not care too much	39	25.2%	47	30.3%	48	31.0%	54	34.8%
Do not care	38	24.5%	32	20.6%	43	27.7%	28	18.1%
Perception of radiation risk: Genetic effects
Very unlikely	33	21.3%^*	18	11.6%	19	12.3%	9	5.8%^*	0.000	0.14
Unlikely	73	47.1%	63	40.6%	86	55.5%	77	49.7%
Likely	35	22.6%	62	40.0%	46	29.7%	62	40.0%
Very likely	14	9.0%	12	7.7%	4	2.6%	7	4.5%
Perception of radiation risk: Delayed effects
Very unlikely	30	19.4%^*	22	14.2%	18	11.6%	10	6.5%^*	0.001	0.12
Unlikely	71	45.8%	61	39.4%	79	51.0%	63	40.6%
Likely	37	23.9%	59	38.1%	51	32.9%	71	45.8%
Very likely	17	11.0%	13	8.4%	7	4.5%	11	7.1%

M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	P-value

Age	29.4	4.5	29.7	4.5	28.9	4.6	28.7	4.5	0.214
FPAM: Giving birth to a baby	6.8	1.9	7.1	1.9	7.2	2.2	7.7	2.0	0.002	1 < 4
FPAM: Caring for a baby^b	6.6	2.3	6.6	2.6	6.0	2.6	5.9	2.5	0.019
WHO-5	17.8	6.2	18.0	5.8	17.6	5.8	17.5	5.5	0.898
HL: Communicative	10.1	2.7	10.5	2.7	10.3	2.1	10.4	2.3	0.513
HL: Critical	6.3	1.7	6.5	1.7	6.3	1.6	6.4	1.6	0.858
Self-esteem	23.1	5.6	22.6	5.7	22.1	5.2	22.8	5.1	0.454
ATSPPH-SF	23.7	3.9	24.0	4.4	24.1	4.4	24.8	4.0	0.113

Fukushima Future Parents Attitude Measure, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index, Communicative and Critical Health Literacy, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form.

^★Items for which the results of the residual analysis are significantly different at the 5% level.

^aincluding "No idea"

^bThe results of group comparisons using the Tukey method showed no significant differences in any of the items

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