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Table 1
Case studies on radiological protection (RP) culture and stakeholder engagement of medical professionals.
| Case study | Main findings |
|---|---|
| 1. Implementation of a new RP training course for 3rd year students in nurse school (Montbéliard, France) | Deficit of initial RP training for nurses. Key topics to be taught are: radiations and associated health effects; use of ionising radiations in medicine; associated exposure levels (patients and workers); means of protection; concrete examples. Access to additional resources is needed (to be provided e.g. via internet, by professional nurses associations or RP societies) |
| 2. Development of RP trainings for physicians participating in fluoroscopically guided procedures (Greece) | Additional RP training resulted in: more realistic perception of risk associated with medical exposures; use of risk as additional criterion in decision making; familiarization with optimization tools; improved communication with RPEs and MPEs in hospitals. Feedback from participants used to optimise course’s design and organisation. |
| 3.Actions undertaken to mitigate the risk of accidental exposures in radiotherapy (Italy) | RP culture leads to increased awareness of risk and benefits in radiotherapy; it can support sharing experiences and learning from errors. RP culture can help create or increase openness, mutual trust, and participation in a transparent, inclusive and collaborative environment. |
| 4. Experience from nurse-practitioners (Belgium) | Low awareness among nurse-practitioners on Informed Consent, and confusion about who is responsible (nurse-practitioners or doctors?) Participation and communication used interchangeably. Stakeholder participation considered on a short time frame; nurse practitioners have no opportunity for participation. |
| 5. Stakeholders’ role in medical exposures of pregnant women (Greece) | Senior managers and heads of radiology departments showed a satisfactory level of awareness regarding the particularities of medical exposures of pregnant women. This is encouraging, as they have to play a key role as far as the effective engagement of the medical staff is concerned. Motivators of stakeholders (referral physicians, radiology physicians, technologists) for their engagement: need to comply with legislative requirement and commitment to safety. Benefits of engagement: prevention of unjustified exposures, optimization of doses received by unborn children; prevention of inadvertent exposures. Challenges for stakeholder engagement: lack of awareness about risks associated to exposure of unborn children to ionising radiation; and lack of a safety culture. |
| 6. Stakeholders’ role in radiological protection aspects in relation to interventional procedures (Italy) | Recognized low collaboration between the professional figures involved in the use of ionising radiation. Vocational training mainly centred on scientific and technical aspects; however, it is also an opportunity to exchange experiences, concerns and points of view in practice, and to start a true collaborative approach, in which each part can integrate knowledge and competence. In general, no attention dedicated to patients’ involvement in decision processes; the patient is seen as care receiver and attention dedicated to technical aspects of radiological protection for patient care. |
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