Open Access
Table 1
Examples of practical activities related to PU of radiation risk implemented in Fukushima.
| Category *-ID | Name | Organizers/participants | Beneficiaries | Purpose | Main activities | Key features | Period | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBA-1 | Radiation measurements in Suetsugi Community, Iwaki | Local residents and experts | Local residents | To understand the possibilities of resuming agricultural activities in the community | Measuring ambient dose rates and radiocesium concentrations in soil and food in order to understand the local radiological situation; also, the whole-body measurement of residents. | Co-expertise process, leadership presence | 2011– | Lochard et al., 2020; Endo, 2016; Schneider et al., 2019; Ando, 2015 |
| CBA-2 | Radiation measurement in Okubo-Yosouchi community, Iitate village | Local residents and experts | Local residents | To assess the status of radiation and revitalize communities and agriculture | Measuring ambient dose rates and radiocesium concentrations in soil to understand the local radiological situation | Co-expertise process, leadership presence | 2013–2016 | Moritomo, 2016; Ishii et al., 2017 |
| CBA-3 | The Iwaki Oceanographic Research Team Umi-Labo | Local residents and experts | Local residents | To understand the current situation of the Iwaki sea | Catching and cooking fish, and measuring radiocesium in fish to understand the marine radiological situation offshore of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident Site | Citizen-led activity, learning by doing | 2013– | Komatsu, 2018; Igarashi, 2018 |
| CBA-4 | Radiation measurements and interactive learning program, “Yamakiya School” | Local residents and experts | Local residents | To strengthen the local community, to deal with the lack of local resources, and to encourage local agriculture | Measuring ambient dose rates and radiocesium concentrations in local food and experiential learning | Co-expertise process, learning by doing, leadership presence | 2017– | Yasutaka et al., 2020 |
| CBA-5 | “Resurrection of Fukushima” | NPO, managed by volunteers and farmers, experts | Villagers of Iitate | To rebuild lives and reconstruct agricultural-centered industries on Iitate village | Measuring radiation and analyzing radioactivity; developing decontamination technologies, pilot projects for the revitalization of agriculture, pilot projects for the creation of new industries; care for the victims e.g., health care for the residents, disclosure of the information gathered in the area to the rest of the world | Co-expertise process | 2011– | Kanno et al., 2014 |
| CBA-6 | “D-Shuttle” Project by Fukushima High School | High school students | Local students, academic community | To understand the current situation in Fukushima and tell the world about Fukushima | Led by high-school students, measuring individual external doses by D-shuttle inside and outside Fukushima | Student-led activity | 2014–2016 | Hara et al., 2015; Adachi et al., 2015 |
| CBA-7 | “Roundtable meeting for Kashiwan Products for the Kashiwan People” | Local farmers and consumers, experts | Local farmers and consumers | To build trust to sell and consume local agricultural products | Measuring local agricultural products by local stakeholders, deciding “measurement methods” and “standards” by themselves | Public engagement, leadership presence | 2011–2012 | Igarashi, 2012 |
| RDA-1 | Collaborative pragmatic research led by researchers | Academic researchers with help of local people | Scientific community and authorities | To obtain empirical evidence in order to understand realistic radiological conditions of the affected areas | Measuring radiation levels in the affected areas in Fukushima with help of local residents and local authorities | Community-based research, public engagement, building trust | 2011– | Naito et al., 2016, 2017; Yoshida-Ohuchi et al., 2016, 2020 |
| RDA-2 | Initiatives driven by academic institutions (e.g., Nagasaki University) | Universities | Local community and scientific community | To provide scientific support for the residents’ return to the former evacuation areas and for reconstruction | Measuring radiation levels in local environments and conducting individual consulting on radiation exposure and health by a public health nurse who stayed in the area for a long period | Co-expertise process | 2011– | Takamura et al., 2018 |
| DM-1 | ICRP/Fukushima Dialogue | ICRP, local volunteers, NPO “Fukushima Dialogue” | Local residents, general public, international radiation protection experts | To help recovery after the Fukushima Daiichi accident by giving local people a forum to share experiences, and an opportunity to work together with experts from Japan and beyond | Conducting dialogue meetings, site visits for participants, and ICRP to understand the challenges faced by local residents, to learn from this experience, and to reflect it in revised ICRP recommendations for recovery after major nuclear accidents | Authority-led risk communication | 2011– | Ando, 2016; Lochard et al., 2019 |
| DM-2 | “Yorozu” health consultation project | FMU | Iitate villagers | To reduce anxiety about radiation and health | Medical professionals, including volunteers, go to each municipality to provide one-on-one health consultations for residents. The consultation is not limited to radiation | Application of proven dialogue methodology (IDPA methodology) | 2011– | Murakami et al., 2017 |
| CSA-1 | Safe Cast | NPO, international volunteers | General Public | To create useful, accessible, and granular environmental data (e.g., environmental radiation) | Measuring radiation and posting the data online | Citizen science | 2011– | Brown et al., 2016 |
| CSA-2 | Minna-no (everyone’s) Data Site (Collective Database of Citizens’ Radioactivity Measuring Labs) | NPO, local laboratories | General public | To integrate all of the radioactivity measurement data into a common platform and disseminate them to the public | Collecting and publicizing radioactivity measurement data from the participating measurement laboratories, to improve the knowledge and measuring techniques of the participating measurement laboratories, to carry out our own analysis and survey research based on the collected data, to publish opinions based on the results of our survey research with the aim of influencing countermeasures and resolving problems related to radioactive contamination | Citizen science | 2013– | Citizens’ Radiation Data Map of Japan Project Team, 2018 |
| ICSA-1 | “Questions and Answers about Radiation in Daily Life” | Japanese Health Physics Society | General public | To provide the right information on radiation to concerned citizens | Answering radiation-related questions from the public and publicizing Q&As on the website | Academic society-led activity, easy-to-understand format, Q&A format | 2011–2012 | Ogino, 2012; Kono et al., 2020 |
| ICSA-2 | “Radiation Quartet” | National Institute of Public Health | General public | To understand radiation while playing cards | Developing educational tool | Innovative approach, educational tool | 2014 | Horiguchi, 2013 |
| ICSA-3 | “Nasubi no Gimon” (“Nasubi Asks Questions”) | MOE | General public | To share correct information that eliminates misconceptions about situations in Fukushima | Nasubi, a Japanese comedian from Fukushima Prefecture, asked experts various questions regarding radiological conditions in Fukushima and publicized easy-to-understand messages in cartoons | A comic book, website and movies | 2014– | MOE, 2014 |
| ICSA-4 | “Kawaraban Michishirube” A public relations magazine about radiation and health for Intate villagers |
Iitate village and academic institutions | Villagers | To provide information about radiation and health, mainly for evacuated villagers | Writing articles and publicizing them in public relations magazine “Kawaraban Michishirube” | Stakeholder involvement, easy-to-read public relations magazine, contextualization and localization | 2012–2016 | Iitate village, 2012 |
| ICSA-5 | “Information Booklet for Returnees” | Experts, MOE | Local experts | A communication tool between local experts and residents, to help local experts build trust with local people by providing them with needed information | NA | Contextualization and localization, collaboration with local people through local experts, co-expertise process | 2017–2018 | Kuroda, 2020 |
| ISCA-6 | Dr. Tsubokura’s radiation classroom | Local newspaper | Local public | To provide information on radiation | A local doctor writes a series of columns in the local newspaper focusing on the topic of radiation. | Information dissemination by local newspaper, short columns and familiar topics | 2015– | Fukushima Minyu, 2015 |
| ISCA-7 | Active E-learning of ICRP111 on Twitter | Twitter users | Twitter users | To gain information and lessons from ICRP Publication 111. | A Fukushima-based Twitter user played the role of a teacher and explained ICRP111 on twitter in a series of posts. Friend users, including is a radiation expert, asked questions as “students” and discussed it. The activity was later published as an e-book | Effective use of SNS, virtual communication | 2012 | @J_Tphoto and @buvery, 2012 |
| ISCA-8 | Communications on decontamination of Date City | Date City officers | Local residents | To gain an understanding and consensus among the residents for decontamination works and to determine temporary storage sites | Using plastic beads to visualize invisible radiocesium in the environment and the effect of decontamination on reducing radiation exposure | Leadership presence, innovative communication | 2011– | Date City, 2014 |
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