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Table 1
Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the studied stony sand samples and the associated radiological parameters.
| Sample type | Location | Sample Id (×2) | Measured External Gamma Dose Rate (nGyh−1) | Activity concentration (Bq.kg−1) | Associated radiation dose | Hazard indices | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 235U | 226Ra | 232Th | 40K | Raeq | γ-ray dose rate (nGyh−1) | AED (mSvy−1) | Hex | Hin | ||||
| Stony sand | Pantai Batu Hitam, Kuantan, Malaysia | BHS1A | 29 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 8.8 ± 0.6 | 310 ± 15 | 49 | 24 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.17 |
| BHS1B | 31 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 11.2 ± 0.7 | 8.0 ± 0.6 | 354 ± 17 | 50 | 25 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.17 | ||
| BHS2A | 24 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 10.5 ± 0.5 | 7.3 ± 0.6 | 246 ± 12 | 40 | 20 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.14 | ||
| BHS2B | 24 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 10.4 ± 0.7 | 6.8 ± 0.5 | 254 ± 12 | 40 | 20 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.14 | ||
| BHS3A | 25 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 11.7 ± 0.7 | 7.6 ± 0.6 | 318 ± 15 | 47 | 23 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.16 | ||
| BHS3B | 29 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 11.6 ± 0.7 | 7.7 ± 0.5 | 342 ± 16 | 49 | 24 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.16 | ||
| BHS4A | 22 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 209 ± 11 | 37 | 18 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.13 | ||
| BHS4B | 25 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 11.1 ± 0.7 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 318 ± 15 | 46 | 23 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.16 | ||
| Range | 22–31 | 1.7 ± 0.2–2.1 ± 0.3 | 9.8 ± 0.6–12.4 ± 0.7 | 6.8 ± 0.5–8.8 ± 0.6 | 209 ± 11–354 ± 17 | 37–50 | 18–25 | 0.02–0.03 | 0.10–0.13 | 0.13–0.17 | ||
| Mean | 26 ± 3 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 11.1 ± 0.7 | 7.7 ± 0.6 | 294 ± 14 | 45 | 22 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.15 | ||
| UNSCEAR (2000) | 55 | 35 (17–60) | 30 (11–64) | 420 (140–850) | 370 | 55 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | |||
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